PUMPS AND WATER PUMPS

• Pressure pumps
• Flow rate pumps
• Water pumps
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• Gasoline

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A pump is a device used to move fluids such as liquid, sludge and even gases. The pumps move a volume by physical or mechanical action. A common misconception about the pumps is to think that the pressure created when you really do not by themselves, but only displace the liquid causing a flow. The addition of resistance to flow is the real cause of the pressure. The pumps are divided into five main groups: direct ascent, displacement, velocity, buoyancy and gravity pumps. Their names describe the method used to move fluids.

Water pumps displacement

A pump pushes fluid displacement to move by trapping a fixed amount which then forces the volume trapped in the discharge pipe. Such machines can be classified, in turn, according to the mechanism used to move the liquid:

• Rotary type, for example, the lobe, external equipment, internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, helical (eg, the pump of Wendelkolben) or vacuum pumps liquid ring.

The pumps are rotary positive displacement pumps where the liquid moves using the principles of rotation. The vacuum created by the rotation of the capture of the pump and is based on the liquid. The rotary pumps are very efficient because, of course, eliminate the need to purge the air from the lines manually. They also have their weaknesses. Due to the nature of the pump, the distance between the pump rotation and the outer edge should be very close, requiring a slow speed and constant. If the rotary pumps operate at high speeds, the liquids cause heavy erosion. The pumps with this type show signs of damage in the form of gauge within the ducts that allow the fluid to leak to the detriment of the efficiency of the pump.

The rotary positive displacement pumps can be grouped into three main types:

• The gear pump is the most simple of which are rotated. It consists of two gears arranged one beside the other and twisted teeth. The gears away from each other creating a current that traps fluid between the teeth of these gears and the outer casing, below the liquid is released and so on. Many small teeth maintain a constant flow of liquid, while fewer and larger the pump tend to download faster and gushing fluid.
• The screw pump is the most complicated of the rotary pumps. Works with two screws with opposite threads, ie a screw rotates clockwise and the other counterclockwise. The screws are mounted in each of the axes that run parallel to each other, well maintained gear attached to each other to keep the shafts together and the entire assembly in place. The rotation of the screws, and consequently the axes to which they are mounted, moves the fluid through the pump. As with other forms of rotary pumps, the separation between the moving parts and the case is minimal.
• The vane pump in motion is the third type of rotary pumps. It consists of a cylindrical rotor cavity wrapped in a similar way. As the rotor turns, the accumulation of fluid between the rotor blades and the casing is what moves through the pump.

• Piston, piston or membrane pumps.

The positive displacement pumps have a cavity expanding in the suction side and a cavity of the decrease in the discharge. The liquid flows through the cavity on the suction side and expands causing the collapse and projecting into the cavity of decline and expulsion. The volume is constant during each cycle of operation.

The positive displacement pumps can be divided into two main classes:

• Alternative
• Rotary

The positive displacement principle is applied if:

• Pump rotary lobe of
• Pump cavities of progressive
• Pump gears for rotary
• Piston Pump
• Membrane Pump
• screw the Pump
• Pump gears for
• Pump paddle
• Regenerative (peripheral) from the Pump
• Peristaltic

The positive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal pumps or Roto-dynamic produce the same flow regardless of discharge pressure. In this way are known as constant flow pumps.

A positive displacement pump should never be used to escape blocked by the simple reason that no shutoff head pumps such as centrifugal. If this happens continue to generate flow creating a pressure that might blow up or damage it irreversibly. This is why a safety valve in the exhaust of the pump is absolutely necessary. The valve can be internal or external. Manufacturers of pumps usually have two options. The internal valve generally only be used as a security measure, however an external safety valve installed in the discharge with a cable back to the suction line or supply tank is recommended.

The most typical piston pumps

• Piston pumps
• Diaphragm pumps

A piston pump consists of a cylinder with a reciprocating piston in it. The suction and discharge valves are mounted on the cylinder head. In the suction stroke the piston retracts and opens the suction valve producing fluid into the cylinder. In the forward stroke the plunger pushes the fluid valve. With a single cylinder varies the flow of fluid between the maximum flow when the piston moves through the middle positions, and zero flow when the piston is in the final standings. There is obviously a lot of energy lost when the fluid is accelerated in the piping system. Vibration and "water hammer" can be a serious problem. In general, the problems are offset by the use of two or more cylinders not working at the same time.

The diaphragm pumps, piston pressurizes hydraulic oil that is used to bend a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids.

Water pumps Gear

This pump uses two gears to rotate in a tight housing. The liquid is pumped around the periphery to become entrapped in the spaces of the teeth. It flows through the mesh, since the teeth mesh narrow in the middle. This mechanism is widely used in oil pumps in cars.

Water pumps progressive cavity

This type of pumps used for pumping difficult materials such as sewage sludge contaminated with large particles. It consists of a helical rotor with about 10 times longer than wide. Is viewed as a central core of diameter x, usually with a curved spiral around half the thickness x, although, of course, is actually made from a casting. This shaft fits into a heavy rubber sleeve with a thickness usually x too. By rotating the shaft, the liquid gradually is forced to flow through the rubber sleeve. These pumps can develop very high pressure to low volume.

Pumps root

The soft pulse rate low and performance is achieved through a combination of two helical rotors 90 ° twisted and triangular in shape. This is the configuration of the sealing line, both at the point of suction and the discharge point. This design creates a continuous flow but variable volume. For example, air compressors are designed with this principle, as well as most of the compressors used in internal combustion engines.

Pump peristaltic

The peristaltic pump is suitable for a wide variety of liquids. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube embedded within a circular cover of the pump. A rotor with x number of rollers attached to the external circumference compresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the tube under compression closes forcing the movement of fluid through this. Moreover, as the natural state of the tube is to remain open, fluid flow, after passing by the camera is moved to the pump. This process is called peristalsis and is used in many biological systems, such as the gastrointestinal tract.

The piston pumps

The piston pumps are those which cause the fluid to move using one or more oscillating pistons, pistons or membranes. The piston pumps require a system of inlet and outlet valves to ensure that the fluid moving in a positive direction. In this category there is a cylinder or four, but most are like "duplex" (two) or "triplex" (three). They can be "single acting" independent suction and discharge strokes or "double effect" suction and discharge in both directions.
This system was used extensively in the early days of steam power (nineteenth century), but is still used today: the piston pumps are typically used for pumping highly viscous liquids, including oils, concrete or special applications demanding low flow against a high resistance.

Buoyancy motor pumps: double diaphragm and compressed air

A modern applications in membrane pumps is the incorporation of air in the double membrane. Running on compressed air, these pumps are safe by design, anyway manufacturers offer models to meet ATEX regulations in the sector. These machines are very common in all areas of the industry, from shipping to transformation. They are relatively inexpensive and can be used for almost any service of pumping water from dams, pumping hydrochloric acid secure storage (depending on how the pump is manufactured - Elastomers / body building). Although the most powerful can reach almost 200 psi, the ascent is usually normally limited to about 6 m.

Pulse Motor Pumps

Hydraulic ram pumpss

A hydraulic ram pump water is supplied by hydropower. It works like a hydraulic transformer. The device uses the effect of water hammer pressure which allows to use some of the water entering the pump to project a point above where the water was originally. The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas where there is a source of hydroelectric power, and there is a need to pump water to a higher destiny.

Speed ​​motor pumps

The pumps are a type of rotodynamic speed pumps in which the kinetic energy acts on the liquid by increasing the flow rate. This increased energy is converted into an increase in pressure when the speed is reduced and flow out through the discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy into pressure can be explained by the first law of thermodynamics, or more precisely by the principle of Bernoulli. The dynamic pumps can be subdivided according the degree of attainment of speed gain.

Features:

• 1. Continuous Power
• 2. Conversion of added energy to increase the kinetic energy (speed increase)
• 3. The conversion of higher velocity (kinetic energy) to an increased pressure load

One practical difference between the dynamic displacement pumps, positive is its ability to operate under closed valve. The positive displacement pumps move fluid physically, hence the closure of a valve will result in a continuing buildup of pressure resulting in mechanical failure or any of the pipes of the pump. The difference dynamic pumps can operate safely in the conditions of the valve closed (for short periods of time):

Centrifugal Pump

A centrifugal pump is a pump of rotadinámicos using an impeller rotation to increase pressure and therefore the flow of a fluid. The centrifugal pumps are the most common move liquids through a piping system. Fluid enters the impeller along or near the axis of rotation and accelerates, then flow radially outwardly or axially in a diffuser or volute chamber, where they exit the exhaust pipe system.
The screw centrifugal impeller was invented in 1960 by Stahl Martin, founder of Hidrostal AG. He had received an order from the fish processing factory in SA Amial Chimbote (Peru) to develop a transport system of fish net into the boat and the boat to the fish processing plant. The pump would work reliably without damaging the fish. The result was a pump with the screw centrifugal impeller characteristic. This invention was a great success. It has since been used in many forms throughout the world in countless other fluid handling systems.
The screw centrifugal pump is a popular choice for handling delicate products such as food or glasses. Its distinctive cutting reduced when pumping the emulsion mixtures, thus making it ideal for pumping oily water or activated sludge [RAS], since it does not damage the FLOC. The capacity of the pump not to prosecute fibrous materials without clogging makes it a popular choice in applications of municipal waste water. A centrifugal pump screw typically has an operating efficiency of 70% to 85%. The driver has a single blade, axially extended inlet and developed around its axis, much like a corkscrew. Linking it to an outlet centrifugal pump allows with minimal agitation and shear, which are essential if the restriction should be avoided.

The screw centrifugal

• Large free passage for pumping liquid with solid objects and fibrous materials.
• Capable of pumping liquids and values ​​above the viscosity is usually possible with conventional centrifugal pumps.
• Steep H / Q curves with valve closed about two times better efficiency.
• Low NPSH characteristics.
• No plane overhead power curves.
• High-efficiency hydraulic.

The centrifugal impeller pumps are widely accepted screw in the management of wastewater and sludge treatment plants as they have many features, which benefits the end user. Typical areas of application:

• Draining the sump.
• Treatment of industrial effluents.
• Food oily water separators.
• Transfer fish.
• Oil spills and chemicals.
• Mine Drainage.
• Treatment of waste oil and sludge.
• Transfer of fruits and vegetables.
• Municipal wastewater treatment plants.

The centrifugal pumps are most commonly associated with the type of radial flow. However, the term "centrifugal pump" can be used to describe all rotadinámico drive, including variations of radial flow, axial and mixed.

Water pumps radial flow

More commonly known as centrifugal pumps. Work so that the fluid enters the axial plane is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the axis (radial). They operate at higher pressure but the flow is lower.

Water pumps, axial flow

The axial flow pumps differ from the radial flow in which fluid enters and leaves the same direction, parallel to the axis of rotation. The fluid does not accelerate but move up the action of the impeller. Can be compared with a propeller that rotates longitudinally in a tube. Unlike the radial flow, they work at much lower pressures and flow rates are much higher.

Mixed Flow Water pumps

As its name suggests, its performance is among the pumps, axial flow and radial. The radial fluid accelerates, it rises and exits the turbine between 0 and 90 degrees to the axial direction. As a result, mixed flow pumps operate at pressures higher than the axial flow, while the flow is also higher than the radial flow. The angle of departure of the current determines the pressure load discharge characteristics in relation to the radial flow and mixed.

Water pumps jet

This machine uses a stream, often steam to create a low pressure. This low pressure liquid is absorbed and leads him to a region of higher pressure.

Repair of pumps

Review of records of pump repair and MTBF (mean time between failures) is of great importance for users of the pump responsible and conscientious. Given that fact, the prologue User Manual pump, 2006 refers to "failures of the pump" statistics. For convenience, these statistics failure often result in MTBF (in this case, installed life before failure).

In early 2005, Gordon Buck, John Crane Inc. 's chief engineer of Field Operations in Baton Rouge, LA, examined the records of repair several refineries and chemical plants for reliability data for pumps centrifugal significant. A total of 15 plants operating with about 15,000 pumps were included in the survey. The smallest of these plants had about 100 pumps, several plants had more than 2000. All facilities were located in the United States. In addition, all plants had some kind of reliability program the pump running. Some of these programs could be considered "new," others as "renewed" and others as "established." Many of these plants, but not all, had a partnership agreement with John Crane. In some cases, the partnership agreement includes a technician or engineer John Crane Inc. on site to coordinate the various aspects of the program.

Not all plants are the refineries, however, different results can be expected elsewhere. In chemical plants, water pumps have traditionally been "disposable" items such as etching may result in limited life. Things have improved in recent years, but the space is rather limited in "old" DIN and ASME-standard boxes filled places limits on the type of seal that can be fitted. Unless the pump updates the user seal chamber, only the most compact and simple versions can be accommodated. Without this update, lives in chemical plants are usually believed to be about 50 to 60 percent of the values ​​of the refinery.

Needless to say, unscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of ownership, and failure of mechanical seals and bearings are among the main causes. Consider the potential value of the selection of pumps that cost more initially but last longer between repairs. The MTBF of a better pump may be one to four years longer than their counterparts not updated. Note that the published values ​​of the pump to avoid failures ranging from $ 2600 to $ 12,000. This does not include the costs of lost opportunity. A fire pump is caused by failures of 1000. Having fewer failures of the pump means less destructive fires of the pump.

As noted, a typical pump failure in 2002 based on actual reports, costs $ 5,000 on average. This includes the costs of materials, parts, labor and overhead. Now assume that the MTBF for a particular pump is 12 months and could be extended to 18 months. This would translate into a cost reduction of $ 2,500 / year, which is higher than the premium paid for the improved reliability of the centrifugal pump.

The pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. Early applications include the use of windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air conditioning, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), the movement of chemicals, sewage movement, flood control , marine services, etc..

Due to the wide variety of applications, pumps have endless shapes and sizes, from very large to very small, the manipulation of gas to liquid handling, high pressure to low pressure and high volume to low volume .

Liquid and sludge pumps can lose the first and this will require the pump is prepared by adding liquid to the pump and inlet pipes for the pump start. The loss of the "premium" is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. Separations and displacement relations used in pumps for liquids and other liquids viscera can not displace the air due to its low density.

First European representation of a piston pump, for Taccola, 1450.

A common type of pump in the world was once a manual pump power of water in a water well where people could work on it to extract water, before most houses had water supplies individual.

Hence the expression "of the parish pump" for "the kind of matter of people talking when they find when they go to fetch water," "subject only of local interest." However, the pitcher of water pumps are more prone to pollution because they are taken directly from the earth and not suffer from leakage, this can cause gastrointestinal illness related.

Today, the hand pumps party are considered more sustainable low-cost option for supplying drinking water resources in poor areas, often in rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump is opened access to deeper groundwater that often contaminated and also improve the security of property by protecting the source of contaminated water buckets. Afridev pumps as the pump are designed to be cheaper to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts. However, shortages of spare parts for these pumps in parts of Africa has reduced its usefulness in these areas.

Close Multiphase pumping applications

Multiphase pumping applications, also known as phase, have increased due to increased oil drilling activity. In addition, the economics of production is attractive for multiphase production operations, as it leads to simpler, smaller field installations, equipment costs and rates of reduction of production. In essence, the multiphase pump can accommodate all the properties of fluid flow with a piece of equipment, which has a smaller footprint. Often, two smaller pumps are installed in series multiphase instead of having only one large-scale pump.

Through the power and production operations, the multiphase pumps can be located on land or at sea and can connect to wellheads single or multiple. Basically, multiphase pumps are used to transport the untreated flow stream produced from oil wells in the intermediate processes and meeting facilities. This means that the pump can handle a flow stream (and sequence) of 100 percent of liquefied gas at 100 percent and every conceivable combination in between. The flow stream may also contain abrasives such as sand and dirt. Multiphase pumps are designed to operate under changing / fluctuating process conditions. Multiphase pumping also helps to eliminate emissions of greenhouse gases such as operators strive to minimize gas flaring and venting of tanks when possible.

Types and characteristics of multiphase pumps

• Helico-axial pumps (centrifugal) A pump with a shaft of rotadinámicos only require two mechanical seals. This pump uses an open axial impeller. This type of pump is often referred to as a "pump Poseidon" and can be described as a cross between an axial compressor and a centrifugal pump.
• Twin-screw (positive displacement) The twin-screw pump is constructed of two overlapping screws that force the movement of fluid pumped. twin screw pumps are often used when pumping conditions contain high volume fractions of gas and fluctuating conditions of entry. Four mechanical seals are required to seal the two axes.
• The progressive cavity pumps (positive displacement) pumps progressive cavity are single screw type commonly used in shallow wells or surface. This pump is mainly used in surface applications where the pumped liquid may contain a considerable amount of solids such as sand and dirt.
• Electric submersible pumps (centrifugal) These pumps are basically the centrifugal multistage pumps and are widely used in oil well applications as a method of artificial lift. These pumps are usually specified when the pumped liquid is mostly liquid.
• Buffer Tank A reserve tank is often installed upstream of the suction nozzle of the pump flow in case of a bullet. The reservoir is broken the energy of the liquid slug, smooths fluctuations in the inflow and acts as a sand trap.
• As its name implies, multiphase pumps and mechanical seals can find a wide variation in conditions of service as a process of change in fluid composition, temperature variations, high pressures and low exposure to abrasive / media erosion. The challenge is to select the appropriate positioning mechanical seal and support system to ensure maximum seal life and its overall effectiveness.

Specifications:

The pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate, outlet pressure in the feet (or meters) of the head, the inlet suction in the suction feet (or meters) of the head. The head can be simplified as the number of feet or meters of the pump may go down a column of water at atmospheric pressure. From the standpoint of initial design, engineers often use a quantity called the specific speed to identify the most suitable type of pump for a given combination of flow and head.

The pumping power

Additional power for the flow of liquid through the pump (Po), defined with SI units by:

P_o = \ rho \ G \ H \ Q

where:

Po is the output of the pump (W)

ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3)

g is the gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)

H is the head of the added energy to flow (m)

Q is the flow (m3 / s)

The power is most commonly expressed in kW (103 W) or horsepower (kW multiply by 0.746), H is equivalent to the burden of added pressure on the pump when the suction and discharge are the same diameter. The power required to drive the pump is determined by dividing the output power efficiency of the pump. The energy required to pump a given flow against a given head and pipe size can be calculated using this spreadsheet. Several aspects of the use of energy pumping are discussed in "energy efficiency in pumping." Energy is consumed by the pump, and also lost in the pipeline and these should be considered.

Efficiency of pumps

The efficiency of the pumps is defined as the ratio between the energy imparted to the fluid pump in relation to the power supplied to the pump unit. Its value is fixed for a given pump, efficiency is a function of discharge and thus also operating head. For centrifugal pumps, efficiency tends to increase with flow rate up to a midpoint across the operating range (maximum efficiency) and then decreases as the flow rates increase further. Performance data of the pump of this type is usually supplied by the manufacturer before selecting the pump. The efficiency of the pump tend to decrease over time due to wear (eg, increasing tolerance and reducing turbine size).

An important part of system design involves comparing the pressure drop flow characteristics of pipes with the appropriate pump or motor pumps operating in or near the point of maximum efficiency. There are free tools that help calculate the required pump head and show the curves including their best efficiency point (BEP). The efficiency of the pump is an important and pumps should be checked regularly. Testing the pump is a thermodynamic method.

Pumps

Routine maintenance of pumps and overhaul

• Every 300 hours, check the balance suction / discharge.
• At least once a year, inspect the diaphragms of the high pressure pump and, if necessary, replace them.
• Renew the oil and check the bolts that hold the pump assembly are tight.
• After every 10 hours of use, clean the air filter (metal mesh version) with gasoline, dry and reinsert, for versions with foam or fabric filter, shake thoroughly and clean it with compressed air. If it is damaged, replace it.